Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences Weblog

Paul Smith, Alicia M. Helion*, Alan K. Mock*
Lakeland College, Manitowoc, Wisconsin

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/smith.html

Whitney Trusty, Courtney Perrachione, Truman State University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/trusty.html

Allison Budd, Callie Buschman, Lucas Esch
Huntington University

Full manuscript: http:www.kon.org/urc/v8/budd.html 

Abstract The present study examined this relationship with a sample from a small liberal arts university population. It was hypothesized that as perceived social support increased, individual self-esteem would also increase. Participants were full-time undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 25 and were chosen by convenience sampling. The Index of Self-Esteem (Hudson, 1982) and the Social Support Appraisals Scale (Vaux, Phillips, Holley, Thompson, Williams, & Stewart, 1986) were completed for examination. The data were analyzed using the Pearson-r coefficient. Using a .05 level of significance and 38 degrees of freedom, the r was 0.32. A correlation of 0.82 was found signifying a strong relationship between self-esteem and perceived social support. This supports the findings of Gecas (1972), Aberson (1999), and Sanaktekin and Sunar (2008). A larger, more representative sample size may be beneficial for future studies.

Erica Laurén Sanders
The Master's College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/sanders.html 

Abstract Current research suggests that “mass media (TV, movies, magazines, internet) pervade the everyday lives of people living in Western societies, and undoubtedly one of the effects of such media saturation is the pervasive transmission of societal beauty ideals” (Tiggemann, 2006, para. 2). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of media marketing on adolescent girls from the ages of 16-19. The survey instrument was distributed to students who were enrolled at the Academy of the Canyons located in Santa Clarita, California, during the spring of 2007. STATPAK was employed to examine the data, and the One-Dimensional Chi-square test was used for data analysis. The findings of the study yielded some significant results. The conclusions of this research suggest that media marketing does influence adolescent girls more than adolescent girls may be aware.

Melissa Keighin, Kelsey Butcher, Michael Darnell
Huntington University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/keighin.html 

Abstract The present study examined the relationship between introversion and extroversion personality types and the fear of negative evaluation. Students attending a small Christian-affiliated liberal arts university were selected through convenience sampling to complete the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. It was hypothesized that individuals who were classified as introverted would have a greater fear of negative evaluation than individuals who were classified as extraverted. The results were measured using a two-tailed independent t-test with a significance level of 0.05. The null hypothesis was rejected and a statistically significant relationship was found between introverted individuals and fear of negative evaluation. The hypothesis was supported, affirming that individuals who are assessed to be extroverted will tend to have a lower fear of negative evaluation score than those who are introverted.

Megan Fulton, Shalicia Holman
Huntington University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/vurc/v8/fulton.html

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between narcissism and social competence. The population for the study consisted of undergraduate students, ranging in age from 17 to 23. The Selfism Scale (Phares & Erskine, 1984) was used to measure levels of narcissism, and the Miller Social Intimacy Scale (MSIS) (Miller & Lefcourt, 1982) was used to measure levels of social competence. Using a Pearson r, the correlation for the two variables was -0.236; thus no statistically significant correlation was found. However, when three additional responses that included missing data were added, the data were statistically significant. Further research should be conducted to determine the relationship between narcissism and social competence.

David S. Chester, Kathryn A.P. Burleson*, Warren Wilson College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/chester.html

Abstract The hypothesis that persuasive articles that either endorse/oppose cathartic aggression (releasing psychological stress through aggressive behavior) would affect the preference to play violent video games was tested on 37 undergraduates. Participants who read articles that endorsed cathartic aggression indicated a greater preference for playing a violent video game than participants who read articles that opposed cathartic aggression. Our findings suggest that an individual’s motivation to play violent video games is moderated by their belief in the efficacy of catharsis.

Jessica Crabb, The Master's College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/crabb.html

Abstract Research suggests that the impacts of divorce are far reaching because the nature of divorce changes the family unit and creates new transition points in the life course of the individuals involved. A review of the literature indicated that many changes occur in the lives of parents and children after divorce, including negative changes such as high levels of stress for parents and children, emotional peaks and plummets, regressive behaviors in children, and alteration/strain in the relationships between parents and children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the living conditions in post-divorce families affect the child’s maturation. Pursuant to the treatment, data were collected through a seven-question survey instrument that employed a Likert-type scale to measure the responses of participants from the Santa Clarita and San Fernando Valleys. The survey instrument was designed to measure what changes were perceived to occur in the lives of children and parents after divorce. The results of the study indicated that the changes in the life of the parent do impact the development of the child. Those surveyed believed that the living conditions in post-divorce families will influence the maturation of a child.

Christina Solomon, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/solomon.html

Abstract There is current research that shows the relation between parent psychopathology along with mental health outcomes in adolescents. This study examined the relationship between parents’ depression and adolescent suicide attempts. The hypothesis was that adolescents with multiple suicide attempts would have parents who are more depressed than adolescents with none or one suicide attempt. There were a total of 448 adolescents who were in a psychiatric hospital at a university or private facility. Age, race/ethnicity, and income of the sample are given. The results showed that there was not a strong relationship between parent depression and youth suicide attempts. Further research must be conducted to show the significance of parent depression on adolescent suicide attempts.

Randy Kamcza, Bowling Green State University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/aclu/kamcza.html

Introduction The founding fathers created the framework for our country that would not be controlled by religion. When the Declaration of Independence was signed, only seven percent of the people in the thirteen colonies belonged to a church. Yet, by the 1950s the country they had created was so controlled by religion that a vote against “In God We Trust” as the national motto or a vote against “Under God” being added to the Pledge of Allegiance would be confused with a vote for communism and a vote against America. The Founding Fathers’ first amendment to the constitution stated, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,” thus creating what is commonly called the Separation of Church and State (also known as Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause). Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States exclaimed,

Allison L. Attal, Baylor University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/attal.html

Abstract The effect of sorority affiliation on artificial tanning frequencies was investigated. Variables were measured using an artificial tanning survey developed for this research. The results indicated that while the proportion of participants that had used a tanning bed at least once was higher for the sample of sorority members than for the sample of non-sorority members, there appears to be no connection between sorority affiliation and frequency of tanning bed use over the past month and past six months. That is, on a monthly and semi-annual basis, sorority members are not more likely to use a tanning bed more frequently than non-sorority members. The findings are consistent with theories of the effects of peer crowd identification and appearance motivation on artificial tanning habits.

Caitlin Goossen, The Master's College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/goossen.html

Abstract According to research conducted by Nielsen, “fathers generally have as much or more influence than mothers on many aspects of their daughters’ lives. For example, the father has the greater impact on the daughter’s ability to trust, enjoy and relate well to the males in her life …well-fathered daughters are usually more self-confident, more self-reliant, and more successful in school and in their careers than poorly-fathered daughters …Daughters with good relationships with their father are also less likely to develop eating disorders” . The purpose of this study was to determine what, if any, influence a father has on his daughter’s development. The survey instrument requested demographic data in addition to seven Likert-type scale questions and was distributed to the students enrolled in The Master’s College during the spring 2009 semester. STATPAK was used to examine the data collected, and the One-Dimensional Chi-square test used to interpret the data. All responses were significant at the .05 significance level. The conclusions of this research indicate that a father does have influence over his daughter in many areas, including body image and sexuality.

Amber Hannah, California State University, Los Angeles
M. Scott Young*, Kathleen Moore*, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute at University of South Florida

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/hannah.html

Abstract The present study examined the relationship between lifetime trauma, trauma symptoms, and substance use among female prescription drug misusers enrolled in a court supervised substance abuse treatment program. Participants were sixteen women enrolled in the Pinellas County Adult Drug Court WeCan outpatient rehabilitation program. Results indicated that lifetime exposure to trauma was associated with trauma symptoms, and trauma symptoms were in turn related to continued substance use. Implications for trauma-informed substance abuse treatment practices and future research are discussed.

Hena Thakur
Thomas S. Wootton High School, Rockville, MD

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur.html

Dawnn Mahulawde
Bowling Green State University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v8/mahulawde.html

Abstract The Time-Oriented Quality of Life Scale (TOQLS) was developed to measure one's present quality of life in relationship to one's desired future quality of life. The ten items were economics, housing, family life, education, social life, neighborhood, transportation, desired career, mental health, and physical health. The population for this study consisted of 12 elementary, 14 middle school, 13 high school, and 15 college students. Results indicated that African Americans and Caucasians did not differ in reports of present or future quality of life but that elementary students had a lower future quality compared to the other age groups. The racial differences of quality of life are discussed.

Katrina Duncan, Patricia K. Ravert*

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/duncan.html

Abstract Interviews in Utah and Ecuador explored the perceptions of simulation and critical thinking. Three themes emerged during analysis. High fidelity simulation can be used to develop critical thinking and is used in many Utah nursing education programs, whereas in Ecuador simulation use is in the early stages.

Michael Anthony Cole Jr., Holger B. Elischberger*
Albion College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/cole.html

Abstract In the present study, participants from 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade completed two simple science activities. A researcher instructed each participant to remember one of the activities and forget the other. Children's memory for both activities was assessed after a two-week delay. Data analyses yielded a slight age-related increase in directed forgetting (DF) of the two activities, but overall levels of DF were low. In contrast, the trend for word list DF established in the literature was replicated. This pattern of results is interpreted as a reflection of the context sensitivity of cognitive processes in children.

Thomas Richardson, University of Bath, University of Dublin
Hugh Garavan2*, University of Dublin

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/richardson.html

Abstract This study examined relationships between hypomanic symptoms and impulsivity and risk-taking propensity in an international sample of 246 undergraduate students, finding statistically significant positive correlations between hypomania and impulsivity and risk-taking propensity. Multiple regression analyses provided further insight into these relationships.

Lisa Hutton,The Master's College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/hutton.html

Courtney Footskulak, Greg Harrison, Deirdre McFate, Erica D. Carlyn Stuart, Lesley Willis, California University of Pennsylvania
Guest editor and program coordinator: Rebecca Hess PhD

Full edition: www.kon.org/urc/v9/athletic-training

Introduction: Research in athletic training has rapidly expanded over the past two decades encompassing not only the more traditional focus on clinical applications but also pedagogy and curriculum, psychology of injury, and an introspective evidence-based practice inquiry. To support this research initiative, many undergraduate athletic training education programs (ATEPs), including ours at California University of Pennsylvania, added a senior research class to the undergraduate curriculum focusing on developing an understanding of published research as well as valid research questions. More specifically, in our Sports Medicine Research course at Cal U, senior ATEP students' research topics culminate in a selected review of the literature, research proposal, and presentation of the research in class seminars as well as University Academic Excellence Events. Students are also encouraged to submit papers to professional athletic training organizations, as well as, for those that are members of our Kappa Omicron Nu Honor Society, the Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences. The following five research papers were developed by the students as a culminating undergraduate research experience and represent Selected Topics in Athletic Training

Chelsea Ivy-Rose Jove, The Master's College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/jove.html

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the portrayal of fathers in the media. Fathers are being "dumbed down" and pushed aside. The survey instrument was limited to selected parents in the Santa Clarita Valley and students at The Master's College located in Santa Clarita, California, during the spring 2009 semester. The research questions were analyzed using STATPAK. The One-Dimensional Chi-square test was used to calculate the data using a .05 level of significance. It was indicated through the review of the literature that the media's portrayal of men affects the family. Fathers are extremely important when rearing children, and they affect their children's lives physiologically, emotionally, spiritually, educationally, and physically.

Jamie Ann Hernandez, The Master's College

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/hernandez.html

Abstract Current research suggests that family leisure has encouraged the involvement and interaction with children in a way that fulfills both parental and social discourse. The purpose of the study was to observe how pre-teens from the ages of 12 to 14 are impacted by the relationships they have with their family environments inside and outside of the home. The survey instrument observed the impact of family involvement on the maturation of pre-teens (12-14 years of age). The results reflected that families are incorporating planned activities on either a weekly or monthly basis and/or actively discussing family-related plans. In contrast, there was a significant lack of whole family participation. As shown through various current research and the results of this study, family togetherness and positive developmental influence are concepts that should be linked.

Jacqueline Britz, Eric Pappas*, James Madison University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/britz.html

Abstract This research into stress assessed the sources and outlets of stress among a group of 124 college freshmen at James Madison University. Results revealed that a high degree and frequency of stress exists among the participants, with over 50 percent of students reporting high levels of stress. The major causes of stress were found to be academic workload and time management. High stress levels among participants correlated with many unhealthy behaviors, including compromised quality of diet and decreased quantity of sleep. 

Courtney A. DeSisto, Ingrid G. Farreras,* and Christina M. Woody Hood College

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/desisto.html

Abstract: A convenience sample of 132 twelve-eighteen-year-old students from a private middle and high school in the mid-Atlantic was used to determine whether there is a correlation between perceived parental involvement in teenagers' lives and the adolescents' self-esteem. A statistically significant correlation was found between perceived parental involvement and self-esteem, and a stepwise regression analysis found that perceived parental involvement and the sex and age of the adolescents predicted 25 percent of the variance in adolescent self-esteem. Female students reported higher self-esteem than male students in all but the 12-year-old group, and self-esteem decreased during middle school but then increased by high school. Implications for future research on parental involvement in teenagers' lives were discussed.

Sarah C. Atchley, Hendrix College

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/atchley.html

Abstract: Current research explores how attractive a person is perceived based on the number of sexual partners the person and the attractiveness of those sexual partners. Without ever witnessing the individual, participants formed opinions of the individual's level of attractiveness and desirability based on a high or low number of sexual partners and high or low attractiveness levels of those partners.

Rania Kaoukis, Phuong T. Do*, Purdue University Calumet

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/kaoukis.html

Abstract: Biocultural evolution suggests that humans place a stronger emphasis on socioemotional processes than biological factors in regard to sexual selection. Substantial evidence from past studies reinforces the proposition that mating preferences have a basis in one's health and well-being. The indication that biological entities prefer to pass on favorable genes to their offspring can be traced back to Darwin's theory of natural selection. Consistent findings have been observed regarding the influence of development on facial symmetry. Research suggests that facial symmetry reflects developmental stability, indicating how successful one's genes are in shaping a symmetric organism despite environmental assaults. In line with previous research, the current research proposal examined the effect of facial symmetry (i.e., a biological process) and socioeconomic status (i.e., a socioemotional process) on judgment of perceived health. It was hypothesized that women would judge a man's health according to his facial features and annual income. Stimuli consisted of individual faces that were separated into two distinct groups based on the degrees of fluctuating asymmetry and then were counterbalanced with two levels of socioeconomic status (i.e., low and high income). Findings indicated the relative importance of both biological and socioeconomic processes in perceived health. Although the hypothetical results are preliminary, these findings suggest practical applications for understanding the biocultural evolutionary process and characteristics of natural selection in mankind.

Anastacia E. Damon, Arineh Sarkissian, Cherrie Y. Cotilier, Nicole M. Staben, Jaime M. Lee, Robert J. Youmans, California State University, Northridge

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/damon.html

Abstract Some psychologists believe that, in addition to any independent variable being tested, the characteristics of the experimenter who is conducting the study can influence how participants will perform during experiments, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as experimenter bias. Participants in this experiment consisted of 67 California State University, Northridge students. In this double-blind procedure, participants were randomly assigned to follow directions from either a casually or professionally-dressed experimenter. The authors predicted that participants in the professionally dressed condition would follow directions more accurately, but results indicated that participants who received directions from a casual experimenter were more compliant. It may be that students follow directions more accurately when those directions are given by someone who is dressed more similar to themselves.

Saba Zahid, Theodore Fleming*, G. Kevin Randall*, Bradley University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/zahid.html

Abstract Consumer safety has now become a pressing issue with recent illnesses and food recalls due to elevated microbiological contamination of a variety of different foods. Although there are many different steps in the handling and processing continuum that expose the food supply to potential microbial exposure and contamination, consumers can limit their risk for food-borne illness by practicing safe food handling practices in their homes. In this study, we examined several commonly used thawing methods and their impact on microbial growth.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different thawing methods on microbial growth in ground beef. Microbial growth was evaluated during a six-hour thaw period using three different thawing methods: refrigerator, room temperature, and standing water bath. Beef maintained in the freezer was used as a control. Bacterial counts per gram of beef were determined at one-hour intervals using a viable count method.

Jaclynn Shaw, Kansas State University

Full report: www.kon.org/urc/v9/shaw.html

Abstract: Early childhood educational (ECE) facilities overwhelmingly impact their occupants; the design of these facilities, therefore, cannot be understated as young children often spend up to 12,500 hours of their juvenile lives in child development centers (Day, 1983; Vaughan, 2007). An analysis of the literature and research on ECE reveals differences in the layout of preschool, kindergarten, and first grade classrooms. This paper demonstrates how the design of the physical environment should evolve to respond to the developmental needs of preschool, kindergarten, and first grade children. Both literature and research on ECE environments have been used to create a schematic analysis that informs designers of particular design implications used to create a physical space successful in fostering and enhancing positive child development and effective learning.

Luis E. Gonzalez, Gwendolyn P. Quinn*, Jessica McIntyre*, University of South Florida

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/gonzalez.html

Abstract Previous research indicates Hispanic cancer patients are severely underrepresented in cancer clinical trials. This study aimed to understand some of the main barriers that may prevent Hispanic cancer patients from participating in clinical trials. A total of 36 Hispanic cancer patients and their caregivers participated in a focus group either in Tampa, Florida or Ponce, Puerto Rico to discuss knowledge of clinical trials. Lack of knowledge about clinical trials, fears, psychological issues, and financial burden were identified by cancer patients and caregivers as major barriers to participation.

Meredith E. Sargent and Kelly L. Evola, G. Kevin Randall*, Jeannette Davidson*, Bradley University

Full mauscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/sargent.html

Abstract: Nutritional recommendations, BMI, and quality of life may be uniquely related in a population of older adults. The current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for dietary protein in older adults is 0.8 g/ kg of body weight per day, but controversy exists as to whether this amount is adequate. Research findings suggest that the protein turnover rate decreases by the age of 70, resulting in a greater need for protein by older adults. In addition, nutritional studies have suggested a lower mortality rate is associated with overweight BMI ranges in older adults. Last, a relationship between nutritional risk and quality of life has been found in community living elderly adults. To date no studies have been found investigating the relationship between protein intake and various physical and mental health correlates, such as quality of life among community dwelling older adults. Using data collected from a convenience sample of this population, who indicated protein intake of 0.8 -1.6 g/kg and BMIs of 25 and over, we investigated the relationship between protein intake, self-rated physical health, and life regard; analyses controlled for age, sex, and marital status.Results from a hierarchical regression analysis showed that a measure of life regard significantly and positively contributed to Protein Intake. This final model explained 49 percent of the variance.

Karen Hong

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/hong.html

Abstract: Understanding the education, beliefs, and practices of Peking University students could potentially help with designing pertinent and effective sexual and reproductive health (SRH) curricula, educating the public about sexual minorities, and removing barriers to accessing SRH services. After a review of The Chinese Journal of Human Sexuality, it was evident that college students' sources of SRH knowledge, beliefs, and practices were not thoroughly examined within the last year in SRH research. The present study is the first to examine SRH educational resources and preferences of Peking University students, the benefits of Peking University courses on SRH, Peking University student perceptions about sexual minorities, and their barriers to accessing SRH services. A survey was given to 176 Peking University students on SRH, and Excel graphs were compiled to assess their responses. The survey suggested that there are better methods for disseminating information, weak SRH knowledge, little acceptance of sexual minorities, and few attempts to access SRH services. One of the most significant findings included the inaccurate perception of HIV transmission. Eighty-three percent of participants could not answer a particular question about HIV transmission correctly (Graph 10). Also, there was a largely negative perception of HIV-positive people. An overwhelming majority, 71 percent, of participants reported that if they discovered their friend was HIV-positive, it would have a slightly or extremely negative impact on their friendship (Graph 20). These results lend support to the idea that more SRH education is needed to create a more tolerant and informed population of Peking University students.

Morteza Bakhtiarvand, Payame Noor University of Andimeshk (PNU), Iran
Somaye Adinevand, Education Department of Andimeshk, Iran

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/Bakhtiarvand.html

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of cultural familiarity in improving Iranian EFL (English as a foreign language) learners' listening comprehension. To achieve this purpose, a listening comprehension test was administered to three hundred language learners; ultimately one hundred and twenty pre-intermediate language learners were selected and randomly assigned to four groups. The same pre-test was administered to the four groups before any treatment lesson. During the experiment, Group A had exposure to target culture texts in-and out-side the classroom. The participants in Group B had exposure to international target culture texts in-and out-side the classroom. The participants in Group C had exposure to source culture texts in-and out-side the classroom. The participants in Group D had only exposure to culture free texts in-and-out side the classroom. At the end of the experiment, four groups took a post-test which was the same as pre-test to see whether or not there were changes regarding their listening proficiency. The results of the posttest showed that the four groups performed differently on the posttest, which was indicative of the fact that greater familiarity to specific culturally-oriented language listening material promoted the Iranian EFL learners' listening proficiency.

Grace Brody, University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (Columbia University Course)

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/brody.html

Abstract This study investigates the possible existence and influence of different linguistic patterns in the titles of books aimed for young adults and adults. If these patterns are effective, they could help explain the popularity of some books over others. The existence of these patterns could also demonstrate expectations for what is more appealing to each age group. However, in surveys given to ten adults and ten young adults, the patterns did not correlate to any title preferences among the age groups, suggesting that the titles serve some other purpose.

Christine Hunter, Patricia K. Ravert*, Brigham Young University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/hunter.html

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine undergraduate nursing students' perceptions regarding learning outcomes developed during simulation experience throughout the nursing program. Students from four different semesters completed surveys following their simulation experience to report their perceptions of learning outcomes (improving communication, increasing nursing skills, understanding classroom material, developing critical thinking, and facilitating teamwork). Results indicated that each semester, students rated increasing nursing skills and developing critical thinking as two of the top three learning outcomes obtained during simulation experiences. Students perceived that developing the learning outcome of facilitating teamwork increased more in later semesters. Improving communication and understanding classroom material were not rated as frequently.

Ian B. Nahmias, Scott W. Plunkett*, California State University, Northridge

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/nahmias.html

Abstract Immigrant adolescents use coping strategies to deal with acculturative and personal stress. Yet, little is known about where these coping strategies emerge. The purpose of this study was to identify whether perceived parental behaviors and neighborhood qualities related to the coping strategies used by adolescents from immigrant families. Self-report data were collected from 729 adolescents from immigrant families in one Los Angeles school. Multiple regressions indicated (a) girls reported higher family support and social support in coping than boys; (b) parental warmth was significantly and positively related to family support and social support, while negatively related to ventilating feelings and substance use coping; (c) parental harshness was positively related to social support, ventilating feelings, and substance use coping; and (d) neighborhood stressors were related to higher ventilating feelings and substance use coping.

Jenna Osseck, Joan Scacciaferro, Deirdra Frausto, Carol Cox*, Truman State University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/osseck.html

Abstract A sample of 70 white-collar and blue-collar employees participated in a one hour stress management training workshops about the definition and causes of stress, work-related stress, strategies for managing stress, and creation of a personal stress management action plan. The stress management workshop knowledge test was administered pre- and post-intervention to analyze the causes and signals of stress, ways to manage stressful situations, and strategies for managing stress.

Results indicated that there was a significant increase in post-test mean knowledge scores as a result of the intervention. It seems that a brief workplace stress management education workshop could improve stress prevention knowledge in both blue- and white-collar employees.

Masoud Bahrami, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v9/bahrami.html

Abstract This study aimed at examining the influence of task-based activities (four specific types of tasks: matching, form-filling, labeling, and selecting) on listening ability in students of English as a foreign language and to identify if there was any correspondence between task type and students' language proficiency level. Ninety senior EFL learners of Sadra English Institute in Dorood participated in this study. The sources of data for this quasi-experimental study included two task-based tests of listening comprehension and a test of language proficiency. Analysis of the findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between the three tasks of "matching, labeling, and form-filling" on the one hand and listening comprehension on the other. However, no such relationship was observed between the task of "selecting" and listening comprehension. Moreover, the results of the participants' performance on each task at each level of language proficiency showed that among the four tasks of the study only the "selecting" task did not correspond with the three levels of language proficiency. The participants, according to the results of the post-test, showed no improvement over the task of "selecting".

Maria Cristina Morales Munoz, Johanna Haas*, Illinois State University

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v10/munoz.html

Abstract: This research used an ethnography to analyze the consumption practice of bottled water at Illinois State University. Students were surveyed, interviewed, and observed to better understand the cultural meaning behind branding bottled water. The data revealed habit, convenience, hyperindividualism, and health to be the most crucial reasons students at ISU consume bottled water. The purpose of this study is to support the decrease of bottled water consumption at collages by encouraging collegiate level institutions to educate students about their own consumption practices.

Melissa MacDonald, Kylee Thetford, Nicole Schueneman, Justin Daleiden, Cameron Miller, Jennifer T. Edwards*, Tarleton State University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/edwards.html

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptions of college students about a person's body type in interpersonal relationships. The researchers investigated the stereotypes placed on college students and their level of physical appearance. In order to reach the goal of the study, the researchers offered the following research question: "What are college students' perceptions of a person's body type when beginning interpersonal relationships on a college campus?"

Eulalie Laschever, Pacific University, Mercer Island, WA

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/laschever.html

Abstract This mixed-method study examined the social field of sexuality education through an exploration of parental knowledge levels and sources of reproductive health information. A 414 respondent survey identified relevant demographic information and knowledge levels on various aspects of anatomy and conception, sexually transmitted diseases, and birth control--demographic characteristics of gender, education level, income, and religion all influence reproductive health knowledge capital. Ten open-ended depth interviews with mothers provided a contextual anatomy for parent-child reproductive health conversations. Through this, three Expanded Forms (Life Experience, Mass Media, and Religious Institutions) and two Restricted Forms (Medical Professionals and College Attainment) of reproductive health knowledge acquisition were identified. These results were analyzed through Pierre Bourdieu's lens of cultural capital.

Golshid Fadakar, Melinda Blackman*, California State University, Fullerton

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/fadakar.html

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the eating behaviors of adolescents, while investigating how influential parental relationships and family cohesiveness were on the adolescent's behavior. This study consisted of 81 adolescents, 59 females and 22 males, from Santa Fe High School in Santa Fe Springs, California. This research indicated that strong family cohesion and individual parental relationships play a significant factor in healthy adolescent eating.

Katie R. Petrik, Julian D. Murphy, University of Notre Dame

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v10/petrik.html

Abstract Although hundreds of institutions exist in Boston with the mission of alleviating homelessness, over seven thousand homeless individuals remain, many of whom live in the streets year round. Our primary concern is with these individuals, labeled as the most vulnerable and at-risk homeless. We investigated through observation, survey, and interview, and with the support of Pine Street Inn's Street Outreach Crew, the main reasons those still living on the streets are either unable or unwilling to seek help from a shelter. The primary reasons appear to be aversion to shelter rules and conditions, substance abuse, psychological disorders, and the ability to survive alone. A possible resolution to persistent homelessness may address individuals' social needs by offering respect and dignity along with shelter.

Alex North, Arwen Behrends, Kayla Green, Luis Oquendo,Tamra Dison, Justin Larson,Yohan Delton*, Brigham Young University-Idaho

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v10/north.html

Abstract A significant amount of research has been conducted on the lay attributions of poverty and the subsequent influence on helping behavior. The purpose of this study was to further the work on how religion mediates poverty attributions by extending the research into a LDS population. As the result of the high conservative influence in the LDS sample, we hypothesized that the individualistic attribution would be the more popular choice. There were 144 BYU-Idaho students that filled out an Internet survey. This survey used a five-point scale to measure students' attributions of poverty. A factor analysis revealed six factors that accounted for 62.9 percent of the variance, while an ANOVA test showed that individualistic and structural attributions were used more than fatalistic attributions to explain poverty. Our hypothesis was only partially supported. It appears that religious influence reduced the effect that political orientation exerted on poverty attribution. A limitation in our study is our relatively homogenous sample. Future research needs to be conducted to flesh out why religion exerts influence on poverty attributions.

Courtney A. Graham, Rachel M. Perron, Jamie R. Feldman, Eric E. Hall*, Elon University, Elon, NC

Full manuscript: http://www.kon.org/urc/v10/graham.html

Abstract Exercise games were developed by video game designers to combat sedentary behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore the intensity levels of exergaming in comparison to an unstructured physical activity program. Sixteen female participants (Mean age=9.4 ± 1.0 years) spent twenty minutes in unstructured physical activity, monitored by a mentor, and twenty minutes playing exercise games on the Nintendo Wii™. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that only the WiiFit exergame can achieve intensity levels comparable to unstructured activity.

Aubrey Garner, Julie Manges, Raquel Anderson, Huntington University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/garner.html

Abstract Anecdotal evidence shows that activities in preparation for sleep affect certain characteristics of sleep, such as duration and quality. This study tests this evidence. According to the literature, when asking the question of whether pre-bedtime routine affects sleep characteristics, particularly of college students and professors, it was hypothesized that a structured pre-bedtime routine positively affects sleep characteristics. A web-based survey was distributed to college students and college professors to look into structure of pre-bedtime routine and sleep quality. Two Pearson r correlations and two t-tests were used to analyze the data. After completion of this study, there was no significance found between the variables of pre-bedtime routine and sleep characteristics.

Taylor Thomas, Young Hoon Kim*

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/thomas.html

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the motivations of attendees at the Oxford Film Festival, held in Oxford, MS. One hundred nine surveys were collected, and factor analysis was used to group 10 individual motivators into 3 factors. The three factors were Togetherness in Good Environments, Money, and Film Itself.

Melissa R. Garwick, Annalise C. Ford, Jennifer L. Hughes*, Agnes Scott College

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/garwick.html

Abstract The Impostor Phenomenon (IP) has been found mainly in high-achieving women in academic and career fields. Clance and Imes (1978) were the first researchers to identify this phenomenon. For this study, we examined self-esteem levels, grade point average (GPA), and participants' relationship with their mother. We collected data using an Internet survey taken by 401 female undergraduate and graduate students whose ages ranged from 17 to 42. As hypothesized, females' relationship with their mother was inversely related to their IP score. However, self-esteem and GPA were not significantly related to females' IP score. These findings caution mothers to be careful about how they develop their relationship with their daughters.

Jennifer Cramer, Ashley Dilling, Brittney Hockemeyer, Joshua Nicholson, Huntington University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/cramer.html

Abstract This study examines the correlation of birth order and choice of college major. It was hypothesized that ones position of birth within the family has an impact on college major choice. Participants were juniors and seniors from a small liberal arts university located in the Midwest. These participants completed a web-based survey consisting of questions about family constellations and college information. We used a χ² test to analyze the data. After collecting and analyzing the data using several crosstabulations, we were unable to support our hypothesis.

Whitney Hacker, Berea College

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/hacker.html

Abstract This study examines the relationship between a college students' experience with the divorce of a parent or guardian and their perception of cohabitation. Results of this study show that a majority of students who have experienced parental divorce feel that cohabitation is circumstantial, as opposed to being purely positive or negative. However, a majority of those students who have negative feelings toward cohabitation are also those students who have not experienced the divorce of a parent. Although intervening variables may have existed, the study supported the position that college students who have experienced the divorce of a parent have a different perception of cohabitation than college students who have not experienced the divorce of a parent.

Megan Temme, Samantha Goode, Dierdra Fausto, Jonathan Jones, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/temme.html

Abstract Adult employees participated in an hour-long heart attack prevention workshop that covered the causes of heart attacks, prevention techniques including proper diet and exercise regimens, and symptoms and warning signs of a heart attack. Prior to and immediately following each workshop, the participants completed a heart attack prevention knowledge test. Results indicated that the mean knowledge post-test score for all participants was significantly higher than their mean knowledge pre-test score. It seems that a brief workplace heart attack prevention workshop could improve knowledge of employees in different types of work settings.

Danielle Gargiulo, Kirby Gowen, Shar'Niese Miller, Josann Schoeff, Huntington University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/gargiulo.html

Abstract This study examined whether individuals treat denominations like product brands. It was hypothesized that people would be more loyal to a brand than to their church. Thirty college professors, 20 healthcare workers from Family Practice and Associates (a prestigious healthcare facility in Huntington), and 97 college juniors and seniors from Huntington University (a Midwestern Christian college) were selected at random. They were asked to complete the "Denominational Loyalty Assessment," which is a survey comprised of multiple studies: a three year study of churches by the Search Institute (1990), a brand study by R. Bennett and S. Rundle-Thiele (2000), and a study done by the Pew Research Group (personal communication, February 21, 2011). The results were then analyzed using the Pearson r correlation. This study found that generational difference played a role in the way people treated their denomination.

Rachel Grumbine, Ellen Mills, Dr. Nina Collins*, Dr. G. Kevin Randall*, Bradley University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/grumbine.html

Abstract Beverage consumption is a major source of energy; intake varies depending on demographics, availability, and personal and behavioral influences (Storey, Forshee, & Anderson, 2006). To date no studies were found investigating the milk and soda consumption behavior of college students and the factors influencing their choices relative to such consumption. Based on Martin and Martin's (2002) Developmental Adaptation Model, this study employed hierarchical regression and path mediation analyses to examine distal (family consumption) and proximal factors that influenced beverage consumption among college students. The results of this research found the three most influential factors that affect amount of milk consumption by college students are taste, family consumption, and perceived nutritional value; the most influential factors for soda consumption was taste, frequency of eating out, and perceived negative effect on dental caries.

Rachael A. Divine, Mariam V. Balasanyan, Jennifer M. Vuong, Justin C. Latham, Robert J. Youmans*, California State University, Northridge

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/divine.html

Abstract Emotional regulation has become an important variable in understanding the effect emotions may have on attention and learning. In this study, 58 undergraduate students at California State University, Northridge were randomly assigned to watch one of two versions of an educational video. The information presented was identical in both versions of the educational video, but the presenter was asked to be more aggressive in one version of the presentation, and more neutral in the other. The study measured how well participants learned from each version of the video, and also how likely they were to notice surprising changes in background objects that were carefully created by the experimenters via video editing. Results indicated that the aggressive presentation had a negative effect on participants' ability to detect changes, but no effect on their memory for the semantic content of the video.

Ian Gackowski, Christine Merola, Julie E. Yonker, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/gackowski.html

Abstract Stereotype threat is activated in contexts where individuals who are members of negatively stereotyped groups are conscious of the content of those stereotypes, and consequently their performance may be negatively affected (e.g., Croizet & Claire, 1998; Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999; Chasteen & Bhattacharyya, 2005). However, encouragement has been shown to combat the effects of stereotype threat (Hess, Auman, Colcombe, & Rahhal, 2003; Good, 2003). This study investigated whether an implicit age related negative perception (stereotype threat) or implicit encouragement would impact cognitive task performance of both first year college students and older adults. First year college students did not demonstrate cognitive performance effects for either stereotype threat or encouragement, however, older adults responded with better performance on a mental rotation task with encouragement.

This special edition comprises four manuscripts, and a foreword by Rebecca Hess, Ph.D., California University of Pennsylvania

Full edition: www.kon.org/urc/v10/athletic-training/index.html

The Effects of Hydration on Athletic Performance
Meredith Decker, California University of Pennsylvania

Abstract Hydration not only involves providing the body with enough fluids to function during exercise but also to prevent subsequent injuries and illnesses. By educating athletes and providing them with fluids during practices and competitions, certified Athletic Trainers' can ensure that athletes will be properly hydrated and will not encounter further complications due to dehydration. The purpose of this paper is to give emphasis to the topic of hydration and the importance of incorporating fluids regularly into an athlete's daily routine to ensure the best athletic performance.

Current Trends in the Assessment and Management of Sport-Related Concussions: The Result of ImPACT
Chris Parker, California University of Pennsylvania

Abstract Sport-related concussions are all too common in athletics today. Repeated concussions can lead to more serious injuries such as long-term brain damage. Difficulty in assessment and management of sport-related concussions results in premature return to play decisions by certified athletic trainers and physicians. The purpose of this paper is to outline the methods of diagnosis, the current assessment and management trends in athletic training, and the role of ImPACT concussion testing in the advancement of concussion management.

A Review of the McKenzie Method of Spinal Rehabilitation and Evaluation
Kathryn Ramsdell, Undergraduate Athletic Training Education Program, California University of Pennsylvania

Abstract Neck and lumbar dysfunctions are a common aliment worldwide. Through research, the McKenzie method of rehabilitation and spinal stabilization is a widely considered and practiced form of therapy for non-specific spinal dysfunctions. With the use of evaluation and determination of preference of movement, therapy is able to provide a functional manner for alleviation of symptoms. Although commonly practiced amongst physical therapists, certified athletic trainers could develop the use of the McKenzie method in order to ensure the wellbeing and safety of athletes. With further examination to determine the reliability and validity of the McKenzie method, the profession of athletic training could consider this new form of evaluation and rehabilitation.

The Role of Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy in Treating Athletic Injuries
Sean Rentler, California University of Pennsylvania

Abstract With the increasing speed, size, and strength of today's athletes, athletic injuries are becoming more prevalent. Due to high demand for athletic competition, the fast rehabilitation and return to play process is crucial. Common athletic injuries such as torn tendons and ligaments are slow healing injuries that sometimes keep athletes out of play for an entire season, but that could all change with the introduction of platelet rich plasma therapy. Platelet rich plasma therapy may be able to reduce healing time by as much as half for injured athletes and, in the future, may become a great tool for certified athletic trainers, doctors, and physical therapists to utilize in returning athletes to the field sooner.

Rebekah Tsang, The Master's College

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/tsang.html

Abstract Current research suggests college students have fluctuating eating patterns and are confused about what constitutes a healthful diet. The purpose of this study was to identify the sources by which college students receive nutritional information and what constitutes the best dietary plan for maintaining a healthful lifestyle. The survey instrument used in this study measured the perceptions of college students about their practices in healthful eating and the sources they consulted to receive healthful eating information. It aligned with research that suggests college students choose to consult peers and the Internet for nutritional information over the consultation of a professional. The survey also suggested that college students understand fast food to be contradictory to a healthful lifestyle and choose to minimize their carbohydrate intake but are confused about the best dietary plan to maintain a healthful lifestyle. The results indicate that college students consult their peers and the internet over a professional with regards to healthful eating and that professionals in nutrition should find creative ways to demonstrate proper nutritional habits through the use of peer teaching and through avenues such as the Internet.

Luke Brenneman, Wes Bass, Jordan Peterson, Huntington University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/brenneman.html

Abstract Despite extensive research and widely-held belief supporting the fact that educators call on males more than females in the classroom, the sex of students may overshadow the importance of the body language typical of each sex in classroom interactions between educators and students. This study sought to explore how significantly body language influences professor-student interactions through the use of classroom observation and self-reported surveys at a small Midwestern university. Results of both observation and surveys were analyzed primarily by using frequencies and percentages in order to measure the extent to which the independent variable, body language and sex of students, is correlated to the dependent variable, student participation and professors' interactions with students based on sex. Results indicated that a combination of a student being a male and exhibiting several specific positions of male-associated body language is correlated with more professor-student interactions than any other variable combination. When combined with data about females displaying certain elements of each sex's body language, results strongly suggested that a combination of sex and sex-associated body language determine frequency and quality of educator-student interactions.

Stephanie L. Summers, Christie Chung*, Mills College

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/summers.html

Abstract This paper reviews the major findings and controversies relevant to military-related Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) from various disciplines (mainly psychology, medicine, and neuroscience). The aim is to aid readers in examining the topic from a multidisciplinary perspective that takes into consideration the interconnection of the various domains of functioning affected by a military TBI in order to better understand the complicated challenges faced by military personnel who are returning to our communities with such injuries. I will begin by briefly defining TBI and explaining how a TBI may occur, followed by a review of studies regarding biopsychosocial outcomes that represent the most commonly noted changes, complications, and challenges an individual with a military TBI may face. Then, the implications of the research are presented, the connections that can be made between them, and the new directions the research community should pursue in order to further our understanding of the military TBIs on all levels of functioning and from injury to outcome.

Heather MacArthur, Carmen Poulin*, University of Brunswick

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/macarthur.html

Abstract The present research investigates the ratio of male to female characters in a selection of 92 children's picture books chosen at random from the local library of a small Atlantic Canadian city. Results indicate that, consistent with past findings, male characters are depicted more often than female characters in the titles, cover illustrations, main characters, and page illustrations of the sample. When the results are broken down, however, it is apparent that human male and human female characters are depicted relatively equally, while male animals are represented significantly more often than female animals. Reasons for these findings and the implications for young readers are discussed. 

Lorraine M. Rindahl, Marie A. Stadler*, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v10/rindahl.html

Abstract The purpose of this project was to discover differences in the referential communication skills of bilingual and monolingual children. The children participated in two barrier tasks, one in which each child followed verbal directions and one in which they gave verbal directions, each without benefit of visual cues. Differences were found between the two groups of children with the monolingual children outperforming the bilingual children with receiving and giving verbal directions, even though the bilingual children were considered fluent in English. 

Jordan Hyde, Alex North, Brigham Young University - Idaho

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v11/hyde.html

Abstract: This qualitative study examined the extent to which expatriates accommodate local worldviews and the implications of such accommodation on intercultural relations. Participants were interviewed and transcripts were analyzed and coded for themes. Most participants did not accommodate local worldviews per se, but most recognized the ecological benefits of the other cultural traditions. Various factors influenced the degree to which they accommodated local perspectives. Those who empathized with local perspectives expressed more positive relations with the host culture.

Alexander M. Fireman, Alecia M. Santuzzi*, Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v11/fireman.html

Abstract: The following study examined the prevalence and impact of workplace bullying. To achieve this goal, a survey was administered through Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (n =122). The study set out to determine if workplace-bullying experiences could be correlated with other emotional states. Positive correlations were found among workplace bullying intensity, workplace incivility, and paranoia, while a negative correlation was discovered between workplace bullying intensity and self-esteem.

Tracey Cannova, Mary Beth Schaefer*, St. John's University

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v11/cannova.html

Abstract: After studying the literature on the effects of SAT preparation programs, it was found that students who received coaching had more positive outcomes. No study considered the affective effects among students who received some kind of formal SAT preparation nor did the studies address how to increase access to preparation programs to serve the needs of lower-income populations. The authors of the present study designed and implemented a small-scale SAT program to deliver preparation to an underserved community and measured its impact on students' achievement scores and attitude towards the SAT. This study confirmed the findings of other studies in that students who were coached exhibited higher achievement scores; additionally, it was found that students who were coached developed a more positive attitude towards the SAT and college.