Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/pistner.html

Abstract Rhabdomyolysis is a disorder that causes rapid destruction to the sarcolemma, or cell membrane, of skeletal muscles. Such damage results in leakage of myoglobin and muscle protein into the urine. Complications of rhabdomyolysis can include compartment syndrome of the damaged muscles in the same fascial compartment, kidney failure, and, in extreme cases, death. The rapid detection of myoglobin, the cell's store of oxygen, into the urine is paramount in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyolysis in order to avoid severe complications and continued digression of the patient. A systemic review of online databases such as SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and CINAHL were utilized to conduct this research. Current clinical research suggests that electrolyte replacement through intravenous fluids and monitoring muscle enzyme levels are acceptable means for managing this skeletal muscle pathology.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/devito.html

Abstract As our economy evolves to demand a higher skilled, better-educated workforce, it is critical to discover and assess the causes of educational achievement among young people. Income level, parental involvement, community capital, race, truancy, and a number of other factors have been posed as possible determinants. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study, this research examined how social capital affects educational achievement on a high school and post-secondary level. This study concluded that high levels of social capital found in parents and communities affect educational achievement, even after accounting for income, parental education, and student attendance.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/kelley.html

Introduction Edith Wharton, one of the greatest fiction writers of the 20th century and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for The Age of Innocence, was not only talented at crafting stories but was also renowned for her travel writing. A body of her travel literature centers around her experiences in France, her opinion of their culture, and her observations on the lives of French women. By using Mary Louise Pratt's Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation to make a critical evaluation, it becomes apparent that Wharton's travel writing, though useful for the growing tourism industry in the early 20th century, showed a biased preference for France, which lauds the "superiority" for French culture over the more "primitive" French colony of Morocco. Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings 1888-1920 excerpts essential chapters from Wharton's Motor Flight through Paris and In Morocco.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/akopyan.html

Abstract A pulmonary embolism is an obstruction of one or more arteries in the lungs. In most cases, a pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot that travels to the lungs from another part of the body. Due to the severity of a pulmonary embolism, various complications such as difficulty breathing, heart failure, or death may occur. Blood clots typically are uncommon in young, healthy individuals. Athletes are generally healthy and well-conditioned individuals but can be at a greater risk of developing a pulmonary embolism because symptoms may be misinterpreted by something less serious and become undiagnosed. This study discussed the leading causes of pulmonary emboli and determined whether or not they related to one another in the athletic population. Current clinical research suggests that post-surgical complications, genetic mutations, protein deficiencies, and oral contraceptives are leading causes of pulmonary emboli. This study compared the leading causes of pulmonary emboli in the athletic population and determined what predisposed them to this pathology.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/donaldson.html

Abstract Attentional models of time perception suggest that when more attention is given to non-temporal information processing, less attentional resources are allocated to temporal processing, which results in misperceptions of time. The current study sought to support these models through manipulating attention toward a slideshow, and thus indirectly manipulating the allocated attention toward temporal processing. Although two groups viewed a slideshow of the same duration (102 seconds), the continuous attention group viewed 52 pictures at two seconds each, while the non-continuous attention group viewed 17 pictures at two seconds each plus four-second blank screen intervals between pictures. In accordance with attentional models, we predicted that continuous attention toward the slideshow would result in less accurate time estimations compared to the condition that included blank screen intervals.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/sippel.html

Abstract Today, children do not participate in interscholastic sports alone; they are also members of club teams and travel teams outside of interscholastic play that are year round. Thus, the body is not allowed to fully rest before continuing to the next sport season. Overuse injuries can affect multiple parts of a young athletes' body including the physis' and the tendons. Because these overuse injuries affect multiple parts of the body, there are different ways to treat and prevent these injuries. An overview of the most common overuse injuries is presented with the most reciprocated ways to prevent each injury, therefore the purpose of this literature review is to investigate the current preventative measures and treatments for pediatric and adolescent overuse injuries.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/bash.html

Abstract Determining dominant personality traits among students enables personality to be matched with the "best fit" for career placement, as well as to match student personalities with faculty personalities. This research aims to establish literature on criminal justice student personality traits and to determine scores on personality inventories. Results from analyzing data from 124 criminal justice and 67 psychology students, using an independent measures t-test for the Big Five personality scores, suggest that overlapping career paths is responsible for similar scores on personality inventories. Dominant personality traits were not observed in the results; however, this research provides a foundation on personality research for criminal justice students.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/means.html

Abstract The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to make more comprehensive health care services available and affordable. However, if barriers other than affordability exist and are not addressed, the newly available services will continue to be under-utilized. Using a theoretical framework of help-seeking behavior, the two research questions are: (a) To what extent do barriers other than affordability exist in women accessing mental health care services? and (b) To what extent do the identified barriers affect help-seeking behavior? For this pilot study we surveyed women, who ranged in age (22-64), employment status, type of health insurance, and mental health diagnosis.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur3.html

Introduction Obesity has become a major public health policy issue in the United States (Hook, Balistreri, & Baker, 2009). As stated in The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion publication, "OBESITY: Halting the epidemic by making health easier at glance," prevalence of obesity in the last three decades doubled among adults and tripled among children (CDC, 2011). About $147 billion was spent in medical care expenditures for obesity-related conditions in the United States. Moore and colleagues (2009) list a number of studies linking the consumption of junk food to obesity. Targeting obesity-related intervention and prevention efforts to subpopulations at greater risk of junk food consumption will efficiently reduce overall health care costs and health problems in the United States.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/akopyan.html

Abstract The article discusses the problem of validation by means of independent replication. Bem's studies of precognition are discussed in that context, as well as the recognized measure of implicit attitudes, the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP). Subsequently, a review of LeBel's replication of Payne, Hall, Cameron, and Bishara (2010) is presented. Finally, important replication-oriented initiatives are outlined.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur.html

Introduction This study examines the variation in junk food intake with immigration status. Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity related health problems, obesity has become a major public health policy issue in the United States (Hook, Balistreri, and Baker, 2009). Moore and colleagues (2009) cited a number of studies demonstrating that the consumption of junk food leads to obesity. Identifying subpopulations with higher junk food consumption will better target the intervention and prevention efforts aimed at alleviating the prevalence of obesity and will thereby efficiently reduce overall health-care costs and health problems in the United States.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/ball.html

Introduction As a culturally accepted rule, juveniles are treated differently from adults and are often denied the executive right to make important, life-changing decisions. Due to a presumed lack of experience, maturity, and intellectual capacity, parents and other officials often limit juveniles' rights to make decisions in an effort to avoid potential social consequences and/or negative repercussions to the adolescent. The presumption that adolescents cannot make sound decisions on their own is supported by various neuro-psychological studies illustrating developmental differences between adolescent and adult brains. These differences are particularly salient in the frontal cortex that is shown to moderate executive functions, such as inhibiting inappropriate behaviors (Begley, 2000). Because of the differences in brain development and cognitive maturity, adolescent decision-making on important issues such as health care, education, and custody is often facilitated by a parent or guardian. All the more, with life-changing decisions relating to criminal offenses, one would expect the implementation of similar precautionary measures with regard to adolescent decision-making; however, this is not the case. Numerous legal cases in the past show the unfortunate outcomes of unassisted juvenile decision-making in police interrogations, highlighting the prevalence of a "totality of circumstances" approach which gives courts complete discretion in determining whether or not a juvenile voluntarily waived their Miranda rights.

Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/westwood.html

Abstract This article examines the development and sustainability of social capital in local Hispanic communities. Researchers collaborated with a local organization in a Midwestern state in order to explore the development of social capital programs that serve Hispanic populations in two program sites. This qualitative study examined the development of bonding and bridging social capital in Hispanic communities, identified barriers to the development of social capital in these communities, and made suggestions for improving social capital programs through leadership development, language exchanges, and cultural engagement. Implications are discussed for future planning in local communities that could lead to a smoother integration of migrant populations in local communities.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/millican.html

Abstract It is important for music educators and composers to know the common techniques used to compose for marimba in order to write music for the instrument. In this article I will analyze contemporary marimba literature to support the common compositional techniques used for the instrument. I will also discuss progressive ideas of contemporary composition for the instrument, marimba technique, and electronic enhancement.

Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v11/rashed.html

The Internet The Internet links computer networks all over the world by satellite and telephone, connecting users with service networks such as e-mail and the World Wide Web. The Internet has turned the Earth into a global village. People from all parts of the globe can now communicate verbally, irrespective of their geographical distances. The Internet is enabled by the advancement in technology that allows data to be transferred from one electronic device to the other with high speed. The Internet is useful in all nations; in fact, it is becoming a basic need because almost everything is conducted online. It enables fast communication, saves time, and creates effectiveness and efficiency in all sectors of life. However, Internet addiction has negatively affected users.