Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/pistner.html
Abstract Rhabdomyolysis is a disorder that causes rapid destruction to the sarcolemma, or cell membrane, of skeletal muscles. Such damage results in leakage of myoglobin and muscle protein into the urine. Complications of rhabdomyolysis can include compartment syndrome of the damaged muscles in the same fascial compartment, kidney failure, and, in extreme cases, death. The rapid detection of myoglobin, the cell's store of oxygen, into the urine is paramount in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyolysis in order to avoid severe complications and continued digression of the patient. A systemic review of online databases such as SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and CINAHL were utilized to conduct this research. Current clinical research suggests that electrolyte replacement through intravenous fluids and monitoring muscle enzyme levels are acceptable means for managing this skeletal muscle pathology.
]]> Introduction Rhabdomyolysis is a condition that causes rapid destruction to the sarcolemma, or cell membrane, of skeletal muscles resulting in leakage into the urine of the muscle protein, myoglobin. Myoglobin is a muscle protein that is released into the bloodstream following the onset of this condition. Research has shown the vast improvements in terms of effective treatment options that have been made over the years regarding such a rare condition. This topic is equally important to all health care professionals as it is prevalent in athletes and the general population. However, additional research must be conducted in order to fully avoid severe complications and administer the correct treatment for rhabdomyolysis. The purpose of this paper is to provide further insight into the research topic, including historical perspective, etiological information, diagnosis, treatment, return to play, and summary.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/pistner.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/devito.html
Abstract As our economy evolves to demand a higher skilled, better-educated workforce, it is critical to discover and assess the causes of educational achievement among young people. Income level, parental involvement, community capital, race, truancy, and a number of other factors have been posed as possible determinants. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study, this research examined how social capital affects educational achievement on a high school and post-secondary level. This study concluded that high levels of social capital found in parents and communities affect educational achievement, even after accounting for income, parental education, and student attendance.
]]> Introduction As our economy evolves into an increasingly competitive, globalized, and ever-changing system, it demands a higher skilled and better-educated workforce. As a result, the United States must craft the constructive policies necessary to ensure a higher skilled, better-educated citizenry to meet those demands. In order to do so, it is useful to discover and understand the causes of educational achievement in this country. Scholars have posed a host of explanations for educational achievement; the debate has grown in both importance and interest. Income, race, parental involvement, community capital, and school quality are all suggested as possible determinants.Read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/devito.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/kelley.html
Introduction Edith Wharton, one of the greatest fiction writers of the 20th century and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for The Age of Innocence, was not only talented at crafting stories but was also renowned for her travel writing. A body of her travel literature centers around her experiences in France, her opinion of their culture, and her observations on the lives of French women. By using Mary Louise Pratt's Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation to make a critical evaluation, it becomes apparent that Wharton's travel writing, though useful for the growing tourism industry in the early 20th century, showed a biased preference for France, which lauds the "superiority" for French culture over the more "primitive" French colony of Morocco. Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings 1888-1920 excerpts essential chapters from Wharton's Motor Flight through Paris and In Morocco.
]]> Sarah Bird Wright--the editor--suggests the two works are in dialogue with each other because they feature the changing landscapes in each country due to rapidly evolving transportation systems (i.e., roads for automobiles), while contrasting Wharton's views on culture. In reality, the differences between the two cultures portrayed in each book make for a more fascinating study of Wharton's drift towards expatriation from the United States, to her identification with France as her home later in life, and her participation in France's colonization of Morocco after WWI.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/kelley.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/akopyan.html
Abstract A pulmonary embolism is an obstruction of one or more arteries in the lungs. In most cases, a pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot that travels to the lungs from another part of the body. Due to the severity of a pulmonary embolism, various complications such as difficulty breathing, heart failure, or death may occur. Blood clots typically are uncommon in young, healthy individuals. Athletes are generally healthy and well-conditioned individuals but can be at a greater risk of developing a pulmonary embolism because symptoms may be misinterpreted by something less serious and become undiagnosed. This study discussed the leading causes of pulmonary emboli and determined whether or not they related to one another in the athletic population. Current clinical research suggests that post-surgical complications, genetic mutations, protein deficiencies, and oral contraceptives are leading causes of pulmonary emboli. This study compared the leading causes of pulmonary emboli in the athletic population and determined what predisposed them to this pathology.
]]> Introduction A pulmonary embolism is a leading cause of unexpected death in the United States with an estimated number of 50,000 to 200,000 deaths every year (Kahanov & Daly, 2009). A pulmonary embolism is an obstruction of one or more arteries in the lungs. In most cases, a pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream to the lungs from another part of the body (Goldhaber, 2004). A pulmonary embolism is one of the many complications of deep vein thrombosis. There are a number of other reasons an individual could develop a pulmonary embolism, but the leading causes of pulmonary emboli are post surgery complications, genetic clotting disorders, protein deficiencies, or use of oral contraceptives. Pulmonary emboli can occur in all different populations. Many individuals may think that blood clots are only problematic in the elderly and do not occur in young or healthy individuals. This statement is not true. Pulmonary emboli in athletes may be misdiagnosed because signs such as shortness in breath, rapid heart rate, and chest pain are common occurrences in competing athletes. Due to this assumption, health care providers may not consider such medical problems.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/akopyan.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/donaldson.html
Abstract Attentional models of time perception suggest that when more attention is given to non-temporal information processing, less attentional resources are allocated to temporal processing, which results in misperceptions of time. The current study sought to support these models through manipulating attention toward a slideshow, and thus indirectly manipulating the allocated attention toward temporal processing. Although two groups viewed a slideshow of the same duration (102 seconds), the continuous attention group viewed 52 pictures at two seconds each, while the non-continuous attention group viewed 17 pictures at two seconds each plus four-second blank screen intervals between pictures. In accordance with attentional models, we predicted that continuous attention toward the slideshow would result in less accurate time estimations compared to the condition that included blank screen intervals.
]]> Results confirmed this hypothesis, suggesting that continuous attention toward a task results in less accurate perceptions of time compared to conditions in which blank screen intervals have allowed for attention to revert back to temporal processing. Although previous research in this area used cognitively active tasks to manipulate attentional resources, the passive nature of the task in this study added a new form of credibility to the attentional models of time perception.Read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/donaldson.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/sippel.html
Abstract Today, children do not participate in interscholastic sports alone; they are also members of club teams and travel teams outside of interscholastic play that are year round. Thus, the body is not allowed to fully rest before continuing to the next sport season. Overuse injuries can affect multiple parts of a young athletes' body including the physis' and the tendons. Because these overuse injuries affect multiple parts of the body, there are different ways to treat and prevent these injuries. An overview of the most common overuse injuries is presented with the most reciprocated ways to prevent each injury, therefore the purpose of this literature review is to investigate the current preventative measures and treatments for pediatric and adolescent overuse injuries.
]]> Introduction Pediatric and adolescent overuse injuries are becoming more common as the number of children participating in athletics increases (Lord & Winell, 2004). Overuse injuries are defined as chronic injuries that have been related to constant, high levels of physiologic stress without sufficient time to recover (Hogan & Gross, 2003). Some common injuries are physeal injuries, osceochondritis dissecans, epicondylitis, epiphysitis, and tendonitis. Over the recent years preventative measures have been created to try to reduce the number of occurrences. For example, the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) offered a position statement with recommendations on how to prevent pediatric overuse injuries (Decoster et al., 2011). Along with the attention given to the prevention of overuse injuries, there also needs to be additional consideration given to the treatment of these injuries so individuals are not tarnished for life, thus allowing children the opportunity to compete throughout their lifespan.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/sippel.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/bash.html
Abstract Determining dominant personality traits among students enables personality to be matched with the "best fit" for career placement, as well as to match student personalities with faculty personalities. This research aims to establish literature on criminal justice student personality traits and to determine scores on personality inventories. Results from analyzing data from 124 criminal justice and 67 psychology students, using an independent measures t-test for the Big Five personality scores, suggest that overlapping career paths is responsible for similar scores on personality inventories. Dominant personality traits were not observed in the results; however, this research provides a foundation on personality research for criminal justice students.
]]> Introduction Personality measures are developed to assess differing traits and to understand individual differences in personality, as well as to predict behaviors. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) assesses five broad personality traits: consciousness, openness, neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness, which can be generalized across cultures (McCrae & Costa, 1997; Salgado, 1997). The five broad traits were characterized with distinct adjectives by Judge, Higgins, Thoresen, and Barrick (1999). Conscientiousness represented persistence, responsibility, organization, hardworking, and carefulness. Openness embodied adjectives such as intellectual and unconventional. Neuroticism represented anxiety, depression, irritability, and fear. Extraversion illustrated characteristics like sociability, impulsivity, and assertiveness. Agreeableness embodied cooperativeness, cheerfulness, and gentleness (Judge et al., 1999).read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/bash.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/means.html
Abstract The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to make more comprehensive health care services available and affordable. However, if barriers other than affordability exist and are not addressed, the newly available services will continue to be under-utilized. Using a theoretical framework of help-seeking behavior, the two research questions are: (a) To what extent do barriers other than affordability exist in women accessing mental health care services? and (b) To what extent do the identified barriers affect help-seeking behavior? For this pilot study we surveyed women, who ranged in age (22-64), employment status, type of health insurance, and mental health diagnosis.
]]> We identified clear barriers such as homelessness and stigma, which increased delay in and desire to seek help for mental health issues. Our findings support "housing-first" initiatives, programs in the work place for early detection and prevention, and co-locating mental health and physical primary care services.Read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/means.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur3.html
Introduction Obesity has become a major public health policy issue in the United States (Hook, Balistreri, & Baker, 2009). As stated in The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion publication, "OBESITY: Halting the epidemic by making health easier at glance," prevalence of obesity in the last three decades doubled among adults and tripled among children (CDC, 2011). About $147 billion was spent in medical care expenditures for obesity-related conditions in the United States. Moore and colleagues (2009) list a number of studies linking the consumption of junk food to obesity. Targeting obesity-related intervention and prevention efforts to subpopulations at greater risk of junk food consumption will efficiently reduce overall health care costs and health problems in the United States.
]]> Studies suggest that younger Americans consume more junk food than do older Americans (Dave, An, Jeffery, & Ahluwalia, 2009; Bowman & Vinyard, 2004). The immigrant population is the fastest growing segment of the United States' population (Kendal, 2011). Several studies found that younger immigrants tend to integrate faster than do older immigrants into American society. (Hook, Balistreri, & Baker, 2009; Jimenez, 2011; Myers & Pitkin, 2010). Because younger immigrants tend to assimilate faster with their U.S. counterparts than do older immigrants, the question arises whether the consumption of junk food varies with age. This study examines the presence of differential effect of age by immigration status on junk food intake. Past studies exploring the relationship between junk food intake and immigration status by age focused on specific immigrant or age groups but this study will include all immigrants as a single entity.Read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur3.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/akopyan.html
Abstract The article discusses the problem of validation by means of independent replication. Bem's studies of precognition are discussed in that context, as well as the recognized measure of implicit attitudes, the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP). Subsequently, a review of LeBel's replication of Payne, Hall, Cameron, and Bishara (2010) is presented. Finally, important replication-oriented initiatives are outlined.
]]> Introduction Theorizing and empirical research are often challenging, especially in the domain of social sciences where the omnipresent lack of truly objective perceptual evaluations is all the more apparent. Hypothesis testing is generally reduced to the aggregation of data scores and derivation of average descriptive values across the sample; this in turn makes research in psychology hypersensitive to blemishes in study design. For instance, Simmons, Nelson and Simonsohn (2011) demonstrated how selective reporting and optional stoppage could drastically inflate the probability of Type I error. Thus, the excessive use of researcher degrees of freedom might jeopardize the integrity and potential benefit of psychological science. Due to the reliance of inferential statistics on the likelihood of physical states, one of the verification (or falsification) procedures may involve the minimization of combined Type I error; in fact, the notion of reliability is well-known to psychologists, and every conclusion drawn from a set of data hinge upon the assumptions of validity and reliability of measurement instruments, in other words that the test measured precisely the desired construct and that the ensuing conclusion would be found by any other researcher using the same or different sample from population.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/akopyan.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur.html
Introduction This study examines the variation in junk food intake with immigration status. Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity related health problems, obesity has become a major public health policy issue in the United States (Hook, Balistreri, and Baker, 2009). Moore and colleagues (2009) cited a number of studies demonstrating that the consumption of junk food leads to obesity. Identifying subpopulations with higher junk food consumption will better target the intervention and prevention efforts aimed at alleviating the prevalence of obesity and will thereby efficiently reduce overall health-care costs and health problems in the United States.
]]> The immigrant population, comprised of those born in a foreign country and who do not automatically receive US citizenship, is the fastest growing segment of the United States population (Kendal, 2011). The question thus arises to whether the growing number of obesity cases in the United States is related to the increasing influx of immigrants into the United States. This study seeks to identify whether junk food intake, a risk factor of obesity, differs between immigrants and nonimmigrants in order to help shed light on whether or not public health interventions for obesity should be more focused on immigrant or nonimmigrant populations in the United States.Read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/highschool/thakur.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/ball.html
Introduction As a culturally accepted rule, juveniles are treated differently from adults and are often denied the executive right to make important, life-changing decisions. Due to a presumed lack of experience, maturity, and intellectual capacity, parents and other officials often limit juveniles' rights to make decisions in an effort to avoid potential social consequences and/or negative repercussions to the adolescent. The presumption that adolescents cannot make sound decisions on their own is supported by various neuro-psychological studies illustrating developmental differences between adolescent and adult brains. These differences are particularly salient in the frontal cortex that is shown to moderate executive functions, such as inhibiting inappropriate behaviors (Begley, 2000). Because of the differences in brain development and cognitive maturity, adolescent decision-making on important issues such as health care, education, and custody is often facilitated by a parent or guardian. All the more, with life-changing decisions relating to criminal offenses, one would expect the implementation of similar precautionary measures with regard to adolescent decision-making; however, this is not the case. Numerous legal cases in the past show the unfortunate outcomes of unassisted juvenile decision-making in police interrogations, highlighting the prevalence of a "totality of circumstances" approach which gives courts complete discretion in determining whether or not a juvenile voluntarily waived their Miranda rights.
]]> In this paper, the underlying issues of the "totality" approach will be addressed from both a psychological and legal perspective. In addition, the application of a "per se" approach, based on the adolescent's fundamental right to counsel with an interested adult before participating in legal investigations, will be explored and evaluated based on psychological research and legal precedence. Finally, the potential importance of individualized justice will be discussed as a practical alternative for cases involving juvenile offenders.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/ball.html
]]>Full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/westwood.html
Abstract This article examines the development and sustainability of social capital in local Hispanic communities. Researchers collaborated with a local organization in a Midwestern state in order to explore the development of social capital programs that serve Hispanic populations in two program sites. This qualitative study examined the development of bonding and bridging social capital in Hispanic communities, identified barriers to the development of social capital in these communities, and made suggestions for improving social capital programs through leadership development, language exchanges, and cultural engagement. Implications are discussed for future planning in local communities that could lead to a smoother integration of migrant populations in local communities.
]]> Introduction Social capital includes the development of trust, norms of reciprocity, and networks that individuals can draw upon for their individual or collective benefit (Coleman, 1988; Jacobs, 1961). Robert Putnam (2000) further expanded the definition of social capital by introducing the concepts of bridging and bonding social capital. Bridging capital or localized capital involves open networks that are outward looking and encompass people across diverse social cleavages. Bridging capital connects communities to organizations and people outside the community. Bonding capital, on the other, hand consists of inward looking networks that tend to reinforce exclusive identities and homogeneous groups (Putnam, 2000).Read the full manuscript: www.kon.org/urc/v12/westwood.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/millican.html
Abstract It is important for music educators and composers to know the common techniques used to compose for marimba in order to write music for the instrument. In this article I will analyze contemporary marimba literature to support the common compositional techniques used for the instrument. I will also discuss progressive ideas of contemporary composition for the instrument, marimba technique, and electronic enhancement.
]]> Introduction Composers have been writing for the marimba for over sixty years. Percussionists are given a wide range of pieces to perform, but there remain staples in marimba literature that will never be forgotten and will continue to be played again and again. There is a wide range of ideas, themes, and colors that are presented in new pieces, but the most popular pieces contain similar compositional traits. Every composer wants to create something new and inventive, but the approach to form, tonality, and skill level all derive from basic compositional techniques.Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v12/millican.html
]]>Full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v11/rashed.html
The Internet The Internet links computer networks all over the world by satellite and telephone, connecting users with service networks such as e-mail and the World Wide Web. The Internet has turned the Earth into a global village. People from all parts of the globe can now communicate verbally, irrespective of their geographical distances. The Internet is enabled by the advancement in technology that allows data to be transferred from one electronic device to the other with high speed. The Internet is useful in all nations; in fact, it is becoming a basic need because almost everything is conducted online. It enables fast communication, saves time, and creates effectiveness and efficiency in all sectors of life. However, Internet addiction has negatively affected users.
]]>Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v11/rashed.html
Read the full paper: www.kon.org/urc/v11/rashed.html
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